The 1930 Constitution of the Ethiopian Empire vested executive legislature to the Chamber of Senate and Chamber of Deputies in the imperial promulgation. In few years after the coronation in 1930, Emperor Haile Selassie took an initiative that replaced traditional, decentralized governance and began modernizing the country. He further pushed for a centralized command government and initiated paying a salary to the soldiers. These soldiers were not paid but had to live with what they could acquire from the local population during military campaigns. Traditionally, the Ethiopian soldiers were provided by regional lords in times of war.
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The emperor also had the right to direct and create a professional and salaried army. Shewan Amhara's dominance starting from the 19th century has been viewed by other prominent ethnic groups like Tigrayans and Oromos as oppressive, characterized by mass forced land acquisition. Īmharic became the central language of the Empire until the 20th-century reforms of Haile Selassie. Menelik formed a more centralized government within a delimited boundary by the 1900s. Under Menelik's Expansions (1878–1904), Ethiopia became a multiethnic empire with shared states. In a modern sense, the landlords were capitalist farmers, and the landless class was growing. In this system, society was classified by wealth, especially land acquisition, where landlords own large amounts of land. įeudalism was a predominant sociopolitical and economic order in Ethiopia for many years. Land always has been the most valuable resource, and acquisition became the main driving force behind imperialism, especially during the reign of Menelik II. The societies were hierarchically stratified, featuring social inequality and opportunities for social mobility through successful military performance. Historically, ethnic Tigrayans and Amhara in the northern Ethiopian plateau used an authoritarian fashion their rulers infused religious legitimacy (the Orthodox Church) and their wealth derived from agricultural production. Ethiopia was then modernized by Emperor Haile Selassie after his coronation in 1930, bringing two constitutions in 1931 and revisited in 1955 that was a unitary parliamentary system with the legislature divided into the Chamber of Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. Under Emperor Menelik II, Ethiopia became a centralized state under a multiethnic empire with over 80 ethnic groups despite having Shewan Amhara dominance.
There are famines, droughts and illegitimate land acquisition from peasants and landowners. Societies were characterized by social inequality and opportunities for social mobility through military performance. The Government of the Ethiopian Empire was historically based on the framework of absolute monarchy with a feudal system, where religious legitimacy and the wealthier class were generally prone to priority.
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